The World Health Organization released a general report in 2021 on the use of artificial intelligence in health and the challenges and risks that these technologies can produce. In this report, WHO focuses on the ethics and governance of AI in health while establishing a list of six consensus principles that can serve as a basis for governments, developers of these technologies, companies, the general public, and intergovernmental organizations to adopt ethical approaches to the use of AI. These six principles are :

• • • • • Protection of human autonomy: it is essential that humans remain in control of the medical decisions taken with the patient and that all necessary information is communicated to the users of these technologies, both on the functioning, management and protection of the data and on the risks. Finally, it is essential that patients have given their informed consent through an appropriate legal framework for data protection.

• • • • • Promotion of human well-being and safety and the public interest: the use of AI must not result in mental or physical harm that could be avoided by other practices or approaches.

• • • • • Ensure transparency, explicability and intelligibility of AI systems.

• • • • • Encourage responsibility and accountability: While AI technologies perform specific tasks, it is the responsibility of stakeholders to ensure that they can perform these tasks and that AI is used under appropriate conditions and by properly trained individuals. This responsibility can be ensured through the application of the “human warranty,” which involves evaluation by patients and clinicians during the development and deployment of AI technologies.

• • • • • Ensuring inclusiveness and equity: No technology should support or exacerbate existing forms of prejudice and discrimination.

• • • • • Promoting Responsive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence: The use of AI should be consistent with global efforts to reduce human impact on the Earth’s environment, ecosystems, and climate. Governments and businesses should consider and address issues such as potential job losses due to the use of automated systems.